㉖中国王朝、唐から宋へ 河東丈二

中国の長い歴史の中では、唐から宋に移る時代（11世紀初頭）が大革命（構造改革）の転機でしょう。前回、科挙が完成して、全中国から集まった有能な官僚が皇帝独裁制を確立したという政治革命の話をしました。皇帝と、全国から集まった有能な官僚が結び付くと、外戚や貴族の出る幕はなくなります。この時代、日本では外戚の藤原道長が我が世の春を謳歌していたことに比べれば、ものすごく進歩した社会です。

　それから、次に農業革命が起こります。これは気候が温暖になり、暖かくなったときにチャンパ米という早生（わせ）のお米が入ってきて、二期作ができるようになったからです。簡単にいえば、生産性が上がって食料が倍つくれるようになったわけですから、倍の人口を養うことができました。それまでの中国の人口は漢の時代も唐の時代も最大5000万～6000万人でしたが、この時代に1億人の大台に乗ります。

　この頃、お茶が普及してきて、みんながお茶を飲むようになります。すると陶磁器産業が発達します。有名な陶磁器の景徳鎮の名称（景徳）はこの時代の年号です。また、燃料としてコークスも使われるようになって、高温で料理ができるようになりました。中国料理の完成です。いまでも中国料理は高温の油で食材を揚げますよね。

　海運革命も起こりました。ジャンク船は絵で見たことがあると思いますが、船室をたくさんの小さい部屋で仕切ってあるので、穴が空いても簡単には沈みません。海上では羅針盤も実用化されるようになりました。

　中国が海に出ていくことになったので、媽祖（まそ）という福建省の娘が海の神様になってあがめられるようになりました。966年には広州に宋が市舶司を置いています。これは税関で、役所の組織をつくって国が率先して海に乗り出し始めたのです。

　ほかにも唐から宋への間には様々な革命が起こります。長安と、東京（とうけい）とも呼ばれる開封（かいほう）の町を比べてみると、長安は門がありました。この門は夜になると閉じられます。一方、開封は不夜城です。茶館や喫茶店、パブができ、劇場では人々は講談を楽しみました。そこで大人気となった名裁判官の包拯（ホウジョウ）の物語は「大岡越前」の物語の祖型です。大道芸も発達しました。

　いかに開封が夢のように華やかな町であったかということは、中国の国宝中の国宝である『清明上河図』や『東京夢華録』に記録されています。

　こんなにいいことだらけに見える宋の時代ですが、1つまずいことは女性の地位が変化したことです。開封は北京と広州を結ぶ京杭運河の結節点にあった交易の町です。唐の時代、拓跋国家の女性は本当にたくましく、男性顔負けでした。ところが、豊かになったことで「女性は働かんでもええ。家の奥にいて、なよなよしていればええんや」という風潮が生じてくる。要するに、専業主婦という生き方が可能な経済状態になったところに儒教が加わったので、例えば、なよなよ歩くのがセクシーだということで、足を固めて人間の足をハイヒールにする纏足（てんそく）といった風習が起こってきます。宋の時代から女性は家の中に閉じ込められるようになります。これは朱子学の影響が大きいものと考えられています。

10～12C　From Tang to Song, climate warming and revolutionary rush bring the population to 100 million

Joji Kawahigashi

In China's long history, the era of transition from Tang to Song (early 11th century) is probably the turning point of the great revolution (structural reform). Last time, I talked about the political revolution in which the Imperial Examination was completed and talented bureaucrats from all over China established the emperor's dictatorship. When the emperor and talented bureaucrats from all over the country are connected, There are no more scenes to come out for consort kins and aristocrats. In this era, China is a society that is extremely advanced compared to Japan the consort kin Fujiwara no Michinaga who enjoyed the In the heyday of his time.

Then, the agricultural revolution will occur next. This is because when the climate became warmer and warmer, early-maturing rice called Champa rice came in, and it became possible to make double crops. Simply put, productivity has increased and food can be doubled, so They were able to support twice the population. Until then, China's population was up to 50-60 million in both the Han and Tang dynasties, but in this era, it will reach the 100 million mark.

Around this time, tea became popular and everyone started to drink tea. Then the ceramics industry will develop. The name of the famous ceramic Jingdezhen is the year of this era. Also, coke has come to be used as fuel, and it has become possible to cook at high temperatures. Chinese food is complete. Even now, Chinese food is fried in hot oil, isn't it?

The shipping revolution has also occurred. You may have seen the junk ship in the picture, but the cabin is divided into many small rooms, so even if there are holes, it will not sink easily. Compasses have also come into practical use at sea.

Since China was going out to the sea, a daughter of Fujian Province called Mazu came to be worshiped as the god of the sea. In 966, Song set up Government offices responsible for maritime trade-related affairs in Guangzhou. This is a customs office, and the country took the initiative to embark on the sea by forming an organization of government offices.

Also, various revolutions will occur between Tang and Song. Comparing Chang'an with the town of Kaifeng, also known as Toukei, Chang'an had a gate. This gate closes at night. On the other hand, the opening is a nightless castle. There were teahouses, coffee shops, and pubs, and people enjoyed talking at the theater. The story of Bao Zheng, a famous judge who became very popular there, is the prototype of the story of "Ooka Echizen". Street performance has also developed.

How Kaifeng was a gorgeous town like a dream is recorded in "Along the River During Qingming" and "Dongjing meng Hua lu", which are national treasures among Chinese national treasures.

It was the Song dynasty that seemed to be full of good things, but one thing that went wrong was that the status of women changed. An opening is a trading town at the junction of the Grand Canal that connects Beijing and Guangzhou. In the Tang dynasty, women in the Tuoba nation were really strong and comparable to men. However, as a result of becoming richer, there is a tendency that "Women don't have to work. Just hide in your house and be feminine, " In short, Confucianism was added to the place where it became possible to live as a full-time housewife, so for example, It's sexy to walk weakly, foot binding that stiffens the legs and makes human legs high heels (tensoku) Such a custom will occur. From the Song dynasty, women have been trapped in their homes. This is believed to be largely influenced by Cheng-Zhu.